Concluding Remarks of Literature Review
Several important remarks are concluded from the extensive literature review in this chapter.
To see the full chapter of Literature Review, please send an Email to the author to request the PDF document.
- First, as one essential component of flood risk, the estimation of victims due to flood should follow the fundamental definition of risk which covers both sides of hazard and vulnerability. This requires both flooding hazard and responses of human society should be taken into account.
- Jonkman ”, in short-notice or no-notice evacuation, multi-destination choice may be no longer important for evacuation modelling. Since the essential objective in such situation is to get evacuees out the area via optimal routes. Therefore with similar evacuation situation (acute evacuation in flood), trip distribution module will also be integrated into evacuation routing module.
- Third, in traffic assignment modelling or evacuation routing, pre-trip routing has posed too strict assumption that evacuees fully comply with prescribed routes. This assumption may cause the routes choices deviating from reality where people are free to alternate predefined routes by inspecting prevailing road conditions and hazard level. Therefore, en-route routing and hybrid routing models are developed. However, considering technical difficulties of the two advanced routing models and time limits for MSc study, the pre-trip model is adopted for evacuation routing. In addition to the usual functions like route optimization and network performance calculation, the evacuation routing module designed in this study should be capable of generating detailed evacuation routes and road travel cost statistics both of which are used for en-route exposure and victim simulation.
- Finally, through the literature review of evacuation modelling, it is discovered in existing studies, there is rarely any discussion about the impacts of hazard upon transport infrastructure (e.g. roads being gradually flooded, or exits are disabled or closed due to its proximity to flood). However, in acute evacuation in flood, dynamic interaction between road infrastructure and advancing flood does exist. It may have big influences in route choice, performance of evacuation and en-route casualties (people being stuck in water during their journey to the exits). Hence, different from traditional evacuation models, a new module dealing with changing availability of road network with relation to flood dynamics (evacuation supply module) should be designed and integrated with other parts (demand and routing) of evacuation model.
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List of References
Alkema, D., & Middelkoop, H. (2005). The Influence of Floodplain Compartmentalization on Flood Risk within the Rhine–Meuse Delta. Natural Hazards, 36(1-2), 125-145.
Alsnih, R., et al. (2005). Understanding household evacuation decisions using a stated choice survey: case study of bush fires. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 84th, 2005, Washington, DC, USA.
Baker, E. J. (1991). Hurricane evacuation behavior. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 9(2), 287-310.
Barrett, B., et al. (2000). Developing a dynamic traffic management modeling framework for hurricane evacuation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1733(-1), 115-121.
Brodie, M., et al. (2006). Experiences of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: Implications for future planning. American Journal of Public Health, 96(8), 1402-1408.
Brown, C., et al. (2009). Development of a Strategic Hurricane Evacuation-Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model for the Houston, Texas, Region. Transportation Research Record(2137), 46-53.
Carnegie, J., & Deka, D. (2010). Using hypothetical disaster scenarios to predict evacuation behavioral response. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Chen, X., & Zhan, F. B. (2008). Agent-based modelling and simulation of urban evacuation: relative effectiveness of simultaneous and staged evacuation strategies. [Article]. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 59(1), 25-33.
Cheng, G. (2007). Friction Factor Function Calibration for Hurricane Evacuation Trip Distribution. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting.
Cheng, G., et al. (2008). A destination choice model for hurricane evacuation. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Chiu, Y., et al. (2006). Modeling and solving the optimal evacuation destination-route-flow-staging problem for no-notice extreme events. Paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Clausen, L. (1989). Potential dam failure: estimation of consequences, and implications for planning. Unpublished M. Phil. thesis at the School of Geography and Planning at Middlesex Polytechnic collaborating with Binnie and Partners, Redhill.
Cova, T. J., & Johnson, J. P. (2002). Microsimulation of neighborhood evacuations in the urban - wildland interface. Environment and Planning A, 34(12), 2211-2229.
Cuellar, L., et al. (2009). Emergency Relocation: Population Response Model to Disasters. Paper presented at the 2009 Ieee Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security.
Dash, N., & Gladwin, H. (2007). Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: Individual and household. Natural hazards review, 8(3), 69-77.
Deka, D., & Carnegie, J. (2010). Analyzing evacuation behavior of transportation-disadvantaged populations in northern New Jersey. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Deltares. (2012). SOBEK Suite. Retrieved 7.31, 2012, from http://www.deltaressystems.com/hydro/product/108282/sobek-suite
Department of Physical Geography - Faculty of Geosciences. (2007). Flooding. Retrieved Feb-5, 2013, from http://www.geog.uu.nl/fg/palaeogeography/results/flooding
Duiser, J. (1989). Een verkennend onderzoek naar methoden ter bepaling van inundatieschade bij doorbraak.
Durham, C. M. (2007). Hurricane evacuation. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting.
Frieser, B. (2004). Probabilistic Evacuation Decision Model for River Floods in the Netherlands Final Report.
Fu, H. (2004). Development of dynamic travel demand models for hurricane evacuation. Louisiana State University.
Fu, H., & Wilmot, C. G. (2004). Sequential logit dynamic travel demand model for hurricane evacuation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1882(-1), 19-26.
Hardy, M. (2010). Structuring, Modeling, and Simulation Analyses for Evacuation Planning and Operations. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Hesselink, A. W., et al. (2003). Inundation of a Dutch river polder, sensitivity analysis of a physically based inundation model using historic data. Water Resources Research, 39(9), 1234.
Hobeika, A. G., & Jamei, B. (1985). MASSVAC: a model for calculating evacuation times under natural disasters. Emmitsburg, MD: National Emergency Training Center].
Jonkman, S. (2001). Overstromingsrisico’s: een onderzoek naar de toepasbaarheid van risicomaten. Msc. Thesis TU Delft.
Jonkman, S., et al. (2002). Loss of life models for sea and river floods. Flood defence, 1, 196-206.
Jonkman, S. N. (2007). Loss of life estimation in flood risk assessment.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2011). The Use of Individual and Societal Risk Criteria Within the Dutch Flood Safety Policy-Nationwide Estimates of Societal Risk and Policy Applications. [Article]. Risk Analysis, 31(2), 282-300.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2008). Flood risk assessment in the Netherlands: A case study for dike ring South Holland. Risk Analysis, 28(5), 1357-1373.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2010). A general approach for the estimation of loss of life due to natural and technological disasters. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 95(11), 1123-1133.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2003). An overview of quantitative risk measures for loss of life and economic damage. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99(1), 1-30.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2008). Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods: a literature review and a proposal for a new method. [Review]. Natural Hazards, 46(3), 353-389.
Kalafatas, G., & Peeta, S. (2009). Planning for Evacuation: Insights from an Efficient Network Design Model. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 15(1), 21-30.
Katsman, C. A., et al. (2011). Exploring high-end scenarios for local sea level rise to develop flood protection strategies for a low-lying delta-the Netherlands as an example. [Article]. Climatic Change, 109(3-4), 617-645.
Kok, M., et al. (2002). Standaardmethode 2002: schade en Slachtoffers als gevolg van overstromingen. Study commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Transport. Public Works and Water Management.
Lin, D.-Y., et al. (2009). Evacuation Planning Using the Integrated System of Activity-Based Modeling and Dynamic Traffic Assignment. Transportation Research Record(2132), 69-77.
Lindell, M. K. (2008). EMBLEM2: An empirically based large scale evacuation time estimate model. Transportation Research Part a-Policy and Practice, 42(1), 140-154.
Lindell, M. K., & Prater, C. S. (2007). Critical behavioral assumptions in evacuation time estimate analysis for private vehicles: Examples from hurricane research and planning. Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce, 133(1), 18-29.
Liu, Y., et al. (2006). Two-level integrated optimization system for planning of emergency evacuation. Journal of Transportation Engineering-Asce, 132(10), 800-807.
Maaskant, B., et al. (2009). Future risk of flooding: an analysis of changes in potential loss of life in South Holland (The Netherlands). [Article]. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(2), 157-169.
Mahmassani, H. (2001). Dynamic Network Traffic Assignment and Simulation Methodology for Advanced System Management Applications. Networks and Spatial Economics, 1(3-4), 267-292.
Mitchell, S. W., & Radwan, E. (2006). Heuristic prioritization of emergency evacuation staging to reduce clearance time. Paper presented at the the 85th AnnualMeeting Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA.
Murray-Tuite, P. (2007). Perspectives for network management in response to unplanned disruptions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce, 133(1), 9-17.
Murray-Tuite, P. M., & Mahmassani, H. S. (2003). Model of household trip-chain sequencing in emergency evacuation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1831(1), 21-29.
Ozbay, K., & Yazici, M. A. (2006). Analysis of network-wide impacts of behavioral response curves for evacuation conditions. Paper presented at the Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2006. ITSC'06. IEEE.
PBS&J. (2000). Southwest Louisiana hurricane evacuation study: transportation model support document. Tallahassee, Florida: PBS&J Inc.
Peeta, S., & Hsu, Y.-T. (2009). Behavior modeling for dynamic routing under no-notice mass evacuation. Paper presented at the the 12th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Jaipur, India.
Pel, A. J., et al. (2012). A review on travel behaviour modelling in dynamic traffic simulation models for evacuations. Transportation, 39(1), 97-123.
Pel, A. J., et al. (2008). EVAQ: A New Analytical Model for Voluntary and Mandatory Evacuation Strategies on Time-varying Networks. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 11th International Ieee Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Ramsbottom, D., et al. (2003). Flood risks to people–phase 1.
Ramsbottom, D., et al. (2004). R&D Outputs: Flood Risks to People. Phase 2. FD2321/IR2. Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/Environment Agency, London, United Kingdom.
Rathi, A. K., & Solanki, R. S. (1993). SIMULATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW DURING EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS - A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED MODELING SYSTEM. New York: I E E E.
Rijkswaterstaat. (2006). Flood Risks and Safety in the Netherlands (Floris): Floris study - Full Report (No. DWW-2006-012): Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works, and Water Management.
RIVM. (2004). Dutch dikes, and risk hikes: A thematic policy evaluation of risks of flooding in the Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500799002.html.
Shahabi, K. (2012). Out of Harm's Way: Enabling intelligent location-based evacuation routing. ArcUser Retrieved 8.19, 2012, from http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0612/out-of-harms-way.html
Song, W., et al. (2009). Evacuation Model and Application for Emergency Events. Paper presented at the Iccit: 2009 Fourth International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology, Vols 1 and 2.
South Florida Regional Planning Council. (2009). Regional Evacuation Transportation Analysis: South Florida Regional Planning Council.
Tweedie, S. W., et al. (1986). A Methodology For Estimating Emergency Evacuation Times. Social Science Journal, 23(2), 189-204.
US-Army-Corps-of-Engineers. (1995). Technical guidelines for hurricane evacuation studies (Techinical Report).
van Herk, S., et al. (2011). Learning and Action Alliances for the integration of flood risk management into urban planning: a new framework from empirical evidence from The Netherlands. [Article]. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(5), 543-554.
van Herk, S., et al. (2011). Collaborative research to support transition towards integrating flood risk management in urban development. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 4(4), 306-317.
van Maarseveen, M. F. A. M. (2005). Engineering meets human behaviour in evacuation planning : powerpoint. Presented at SAICE : South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 17 August 2005, Cape Town, South Africa. 50 slides.
van Zuilekom, K. M., & Zuidgeest, M. H. P. (2008). decision support system for the preventive evacuation of people in a dike - ring area. In: Geospatial information technology for emergency response / ed. by S. Zlatanova and J. Li. London : Taylor & Francis, 2008. ISBN 798-0-415-42247-5 (ISPRS Book series) pp. 329-349.
Vrouwenvelder, A., & Steenhuis, C. (1997). Tweede waterkeringen Hoeksche Waard, berekening van het aantal slachtoffers bij verschillende inundatiescenario’s.
Waarts, P. (1992a). Methode voor de bepaling van het aantal doden als gevolg van inundatie: TNO Built Environment.
Waarts, P. (1992b). Methoden voor de bepaling van het aantal doden als gevolg van inundatie: TNO Bouw.
Wardrop, J. G. (1952). Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research. Paper presented at the Institution Civil Engineers. London, UK.
Whitehead, J. C., et al. (2000). Heading for higher ground: factors affecting real and hypothetical hurricane evacuation behavior. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 2(4), 133-142.
Wilmot, C. G., et al. (2005). Methodology to establish hurricane evacuation zones Safety: Older Drivers; Traffic Law Enforcement; Management; School Transportation; Emergency Evacuation; Truck and Bus; and Motorcycles (pp. 129-137).
Wilmot, C. G., & Mei, B. (2004). Comparison of alternative trip generation models for hurricane evacuation. Natural hazards review, 5(4), 170-178.
Xie, C., et al. (2010). A dynamic evacuation network optimization problem with lane reversal and crossing elimination strategies. Transportation Research Part E-Logistics and Transportation Review, 46(3), 295-316.
Yuan, F., et al. (2006). Proposed framework for simultaneous optimization of evacuation traffic destination and route assignment Network Modeling 2006 (pp. 50-58).
Zhai, G., et al. (2007). AN EMPIRICAL MODEL OF FATALITIES AND INJURIES DUE TO FLOODS IN JAPAN1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42(4), 863-875.
Alsnih, R., et al. (2005). Understanding household evacuation decisions using a stated choice survey: case study of bush fires. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 84th, 2005, Washington, DC, USA.
Baker, E. J. (1991). Hurricane evacuation behavior. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 9(2), 287-310.
Barrett, B., et al. (2000). Developing a dynamic traffic management modeling framework for hurricane evacuation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1733(-1), 115-121.
Brodie, M., et al. (2006). Experiences of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: Implications for future planning. American Journal of Public Health, 96(8), 1402-1408.
Brown, C., et al. (2009). Development of a Strategic Hurricane Evacuation-Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model for the Houston, Texas, Region. Transportation Research Record(2137), 46-53.
Carnegie, J., & Deka, D. (2010). Using hypothetical disaster scenarios to predict evacuation behavioral response. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Chen, X., & Zhan, F. B. (2008). Agent-based modelling and simulation of urban evacuation: relative effectiveness of simultaneous and staged evacuation strategies. [Article]. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 59(1), 25-33.
Cheng, G. (2007). Friction Factor Function Calibration for Hurricane Evacuation Trip Distribution. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting.
Cheng, G., et al. (2008). A destination choice model for hurricane evacuation. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Chiu, Y., et al. (2006). Modeling and solving the optimal evacuation destination-route-flow-staging problem for no-notice extreme events. Paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Clausen, L. (1989). Potential dam failure: estimation of consequences, and implications for planning. Unpublished M. Phil. thesis at the School of Geography and Planning at Middlesex Polytechnic collaborating with Binnie and Partners, Redhill.
Cova, T. J., & Johnson, J. P. (2002). Microsimulation of neighborhood evacuations in the urban - wildland interface. Environment and Planning A, 34(12), 2211-2229.
Cuellar, L., et al. (2009). Emergency Relocation: Population Response Model to Disasters. Paper presented at the 2009 Ieee Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security.
Dash, N., & Gladwin, H. (2007). Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: Individual and household. Natural hazards review, 8(3), 69-77.
Deka, D., & Carnegie, J. (2010). Analyzing evacuation behavior of transportation-disadvantaged populations in northern New Jersey. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Deltares. (2012). SOBEK Suite. Retrieved 7.31, 2012, from http://www.deltaressystems.com/hydro/product/108282/sobek-suite
Department of Physical Geography - Faculty of Geosciences. (2007). Flooding. Retrieved Feb-5, 2013, from http://www.geog.uu.nl/fg/palaeogeography/results/flooding
Duiser, J. (1989). Een verkennend onderzoek naar methoden ter bepaling van inundatieschade bij doorbraak.
Durham, C. M. (2007). Hurricane evacuation. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting.
Frieser, B. (2004). Probabilistic Evacuation Decision Model for River Floods in the Netherlands Final Report.
Fu, H. (2004). Development of dynamic travel demand models for hurricane evacuation. Louisiana State University.
Fu, H., & Wilmot, C. G. (2004). Sequential logit dynamic travel demand model for hurricane evacuation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1882(-1), 19-26.
Hardy, M. (2010). Structuring, Modeling, and Simulation Analyses for Evacuation Planning and Operations. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Hesselink, A. W., et al. (2003). Inundation of a Dutch river polder, sensitivity analysis of a physically based inundation model using historic data. Water Resources Research, 39(9), 1234.
Hobeika, A. G., & Jamei, B. (1985). MASSVAC: a model for calculating evacuation times under natural disasters. Emmitsburg, MD: National Emergency Training Center].
Jonkman, S. (2001). Overstromingsrisico’s: een onderzoek naar de toepasbaarheid van risicomaten. Msc. Thesis TU Delft.
Jonkman, S., et al. (2002). Loss of life models for sea and river floods. Flood defence, 1, 196-206.
Jonkman, S. N. (2007). Loss of life estimation in flood risk assessment.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2011). The Use of Individual and Societal Risk Criteria Within the Dutch Flood Safety Policy-Nationwide Estimates of Societal Risk and Policy Applications. [Article]. Risk Analysis, 31(2), 282-300.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2008). Flood risk assessment in the Netherlands: A case study for dike ring South Holland. Risk Analysis, 28(5), 1357-1373.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2010). A general approach for the estimation of loss of life due to natural and technological disasters. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 95(11), 1123-1133.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2003). An overview of quantitative risk measures for loss of life and economic damage. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99(1), 1-30.
Jonkman, S. N., et al. (2008). Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods: a literature review and a proposal for a new method. [Review]. Natural Hazards, 46(3), 353-389.
Kalafatas, G., & Peeta, S. (2009). Planning for Evacuation: Insights from an Efficient Network Design Model. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 15(1), 21-30.
Katsman, C. A., et al. (2011). Exploring high-end scenarios for local sea level rise to develop flood protection strategies for a low-lying delta-the Netherlands as an example. [Article]. Climatic Change, 109(3-4), 617-645.
Kok, M., et al. (2002). Standaardmethode 2002: schade en Slachtoffers als gevolg van overstromingen. Study commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Transport. Public Works and Water Management.
Lin, D.-Y., et al. (2009). Evacuation Planning Using the Integrated System of Activity-Based Modeling and Dynamic Traffic Assignment. Transportation Research Record(2132), 69-77.
Lindell, M. K. (2008). EMBLEM2: An empirically based large scale evacuation time estimate model. Transportation Research Part a-Policy and Practice, 42(1), 140-154.
Lindell, M. K., & Prater, C. S. (2007). Critical behavioral assumptions in evacuation time estimate analysis for private vehicles: Examples from hurricane research and planning. Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce, 133(1), 18-29.
Liu, Y., et al. (2006). Two-level integrated optimization system for planning of emergency evacuation. Journal of Transportation Engineering-Asce, 132(10), 800-807.
Maaskant, B., et al. (2009). Future risk of flooding: an analysis of changes in potential loss of life in South Holland (The Netherlands). [Article]. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(2), 157-169.
Mahmassani, H. (2001). Dynamic Network Traffic Assignment and Simulation Methodology for Advanced System Management Applications. Networks and Spatial Economics, 1(3-4), 267-292.
Mitchell, S. W., & Radwan, E. (2006). Heuristic prioritization of emergency evacuation staging to reduce clearance time. Paper presented at the the 85th AnnualMeeting Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA.
Murray-Tuite, P. (2007). Perspectives for network management in response to unplanned disruptions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce, 133(1), 9-17.
Murray-Tuite, P. M., & Mahmassani, H. S. (2003). Model of household trip-chain sequencing in emergency evacuation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1831(1), 21-29.
Ozbay, K., & Yazici, M. A. (2006). Analysis of network-wide impacts of behavioral response curves for evacuation conditions. Paper presented at the Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2006. ITSC'06. IEEE.
PBS&J. (2000). Southwest Louisiana hurricane evacuation study: transportation model support document. Tallahassee, Florida: PBS&J Inc.
Peeta, S., & Hsu, Y.-T. (2009). Behavior modeling for dynamic routing under no-notice mass evacuation. Paper presented at the the 12th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Jaipur, India.
Pel, A. J., et al. (2012). A review on travel behaviour modelling in dynamic traffic simulation models for evacuations. Transportation, 39(1), 97-123.
Pel, A. J., et al. (2008). EVAQ: A New Analytical Model for Voluntary and Mandatory Evacuation Strategies on Time-varying Networks. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 11th International Ieee Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Ramsbottom, D., et al. (2003). Flood risks to people–phase 1.
Ramsbottom, D., et al. (2004). R&D Outputs: Flood Risks to People. Phase 2. FD2321/IR2. Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/Environment Agency, London, United Kingdom.
Rathi, A. K., & Solanki, R. S. (1993). SIMULATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW DURING EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS - A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED MODELING SYSTEM. New York: I E E E.
Rijkswaterstaat. (2006). Flood Risks and Safety in the Netherlands (Floris): Floris study - Full Report (No. DWW-2006-012): Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works, and Water Management.
RIVM. (2004). Dutch dikes, and risk hikes: A thematic policy evaluation of risks of flooding in the Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500799002.html.
Shahabi, K. (2012). Out of Harm's Way: Enabling intelligent location-based evacuation routing. ArcUser Retrieved 8.19, 2012, from http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0612/out-of-harms-way.html
Song, W., et al. (2009). Evacuation Model and Application for Emergency Events. Paper presented at the Iccit: 2009 Fourth International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology, Vols 1 and 2.
South Florida Regional Planning Council. (2009). Regional Evacuation Transportation Analysis: South Florida Regional Planning Council.
Tweedie, S. W., et al. (1986). A Methodology For Estimating Emergency Evacuation Times. Social Science Journal, 23(2), 189-204.
US-Army-Corps-of-Engineers. (1995). Technical guidelines for hurricane evacuation studies (Techinical Report).
van Herk, S., et al. (2011). Learning and Action Alliances for the integration of flood risk management into urban planning: a new framework from empirical evidence from The Netherlands. [Article]. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(5), 543-554.
van Herk, S., et al. (2011). Collaborative research to support transition towards integrating flood risk management in urban development. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 4(4), 306-317.
van Maarseveen, M. F. A. M. (2005). Engineering meets human behaviour in evacuation planning : powerpoint. Presented at SAICE : South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 17 August 2005, Cape Town, South Africa. 50 slides.
van Zuilekom, K. M., & Zuidgeest, M. H. P. (2008). decision support system for the preventive evacuation of people in a dike - ring area. In: Geospatial information technology for emergency response / ed. by S. Zlatanova and J. Li. London : Taylor & Francis, 2008. ISBN 798-0-415-42247-5 (ISPRS Book series) pp. 329-349.
Vrouwenvelder, A., & Steenhuis, C. (1997). Tweede waterkeringen Hoeksche Waard, berekening van het aantal slachtoffers bij verschillende inundatiescenario’s.
Waarts, P. (1992a). Methode voor de bepaling van het aantal doden als gevolg van inundatie: TNO Built Environment.
Waarts, P. (1992b). Methoden voor de bepaling van het aantal doden als gevolg van inundatie: TNO Bouw.
Wardrop, J. G. (1952). Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research. Paper presented at the Institution Civil Engineers. London, UK.
Whitehead, J. C., et al. (2000). Heading for higher ground: factors affecting real and hypothetical hurricane evacuation behavior. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 2(4), 133-142.
Wilmot, C. G., et al. (2005). Methodology to establish hurricane evacuation zones Safety: Older Drivers; Traffic Law Enforcement; Management; School Transportation; Emergency Evacuation; Truck and Bus; and Motorcycles (pp. 129-137).
Wilmot, C. G., & Mei, B. (2004). Comparison of alternative trip generation models for hurricane evacuation. Natural hazards review, 5(4), 170-178.
Xie, C., et al. (2010). A dynamic evacuation network optimization problem with lane reversal and crossing elimination strategies. Transportation Research Part E-Logistics and Transportation Review, 46(3), 295-316.
Yuan, F., et al. (2006). Proposed framework for simultaneous optimization of evacuation traffic destination and route assignment Network Modeling 2006 (pp. 50-58).
Zhai, G., et al. (2007). AN EMPIRICAL MODEL OF FATALITIES AND INJURIES DUE TO FLOODS IN JAPAN1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42(4), 863-875.